ちびまる子ちゃん3 449


Tuberculosis, or 'TB', is an infection that most commonly attacks the lungs or throat (pulmonary TB).

It can also attack other parts of the body (extra-pulmonary TB), such as the lymph nodes, spine or brain.1 2
ちびまる子ちゃん 817
If you're living with HIV, it means that you are more likely to develop TB because of a weak immune system.3 However, you can reduce the risk of TB by taking your HIV treatment properly to keep your immune system strong and healthy.



If you're living with HIV you should get tested for TB regularly.4
How do you get TB?
ちびまる子ちゃん
Pulmonary TB is the only type of TB that can be passed on to others. If someone with TB coughs or sneezes, the bacteria in these tiny droplets can be inhaled by another person.5

However, not everyone infected with TB will become ill. There are two types of TB infection; 'active' and 'inactive'.
Active TB

Active tuberculosis means TB is spreading throughout the body, and the immune system cannot prevent illness and symptoms of TB.

Symptoms of active TB include:
a cough for more than 3 weeks
extreme tiredness
fever
night sweats
loss of appetite
weight loss.6

Symptoms of active extra-pulmonary TB often include swollen glands or pain in the affected area.7
Inactive TB

If a person has inactive (or latent) TB, it means their body has been able to fight TB and stop it from causing illness. They do not have symptoms and can't pass TB to other people.

In some people, TB remains inactive for their whole life. In other people, TB may become active if their immune system weakens - for example by HIV.2
The risks of HIV and TB co-infection

If you're living with HIV and have tuberculosis, you are said to have a co-infection. This means that tuberculosis:
is harder to diagnose
spreads faster
is more likely to be fatal if left untreated
can spread to other parts of the body
is more likely to return after being treated
is harder to treat if you have a drug-resistant strain.3
How can I prevent TB?

It's difficult to prevent TB because it can be passed on via the air. Covering the mouth with a hand or tissue when coughing or sneezing can help to stop the spread of TB.

The most effective way to prevent TB is to get tested and treated in order to prevent passing it to others.
BCG vaccine

There is a vaccine against TB called the BCG, but the vaccine is now very old (it was first used in the 1920s). It is around 80% effective but only for 15 years, and so it is being phased out in some countries where TB is not a major problem.8
Can I get tested for TB?

There are many types of TB tests. Usually TB is diagnosed by a blood test. However, other options could be a sample of sputum (the mucous that is coughed up from the airways) or other body fluid. In other cases a small amount of TB protein may be injected under the skin to see if there's a reaction.

A chest x-ray may also be recommended to see if TB has scarred the lungs.9
How is TB treated?
Treating active TB

Active TB can almost always be cured with antibiotics. For pulmonary TB, they're usually taken daily for six months. For people with TB in other parts of their body, treatment will last longer.10 11
Treating inactive TB

Treatment is not required for most people with inactive TB. However, if you're living with HIV, treatment is necessary to prevent TB causing illness. A similar course of treatment to that for active TB will be recommended.12
Treating TB and HIV at the same time

If you have TB and HIV it can be difficult to take drugs for both at the same time because of the number of drugs, how often they need to be taken, and because of drug interactions.

Sometimes you may be asked to take your treatment in the presence of a healthcare professional to check you are taking it correctly.4
What happens if I don't take my TB treatment correctly?

If people infected with TB don't, or can't, take their treatment properly, or stop taking it before the end of their course of treatment, TB becomes resistant to the drugs and they stop working.13

At this point, the treatment options are limited as the other available drugs are less effective. You will be closely monitored throughout treatment to ensure it's working.14

It's important you take TB treatment correctly for the whole length of the course to prevent TB becoming resistant to the antibiotics.12
ちびまる子ちゃん 379
©iStock.com/Sasha_Suzi. Photos are used for illustrative purposes. They do not imply any health status or behaviour on the part of the people in the photo.




Norproaporphine Alkaloid (+)-stepharine and Benzyl Isoquinoline Alkaloid Orientaline from the Tuber of Stephania brachyandra Diels
ちびまる 2016
Phytochemical study on Vietnamese Stephania brachyandra led to the isolation of two alkaloids (+)-stepharine (1) and orientaline (2). Their structures were characterized on the basis of the spectroscopic data in comparison with these in the literature. This is the first report of 1 from Stephania brachyandra, and 2 from Stephania species.

Keywords: Stephania brachyandra, (+)-stepharine, orientaline, alkaloids.

Season Two of SCREAM QUEENS graduates from the college campus and into an all-new location, as a terrifyingly funny murder mystery will begin once again. This time, the show will be set in a hospital, where some of the most fascinating and bizarre medical cases are under observation. Casting to be announced at a later date. SCREAM QUEENS is this season’s No. 1 ちびまる子ちゃん new comedy among Adults 18-34, the No. 1 new series on VOD and the No. 1 series in social media. Across platforms, SCREAM QUEENS averages a +167% gain versus its Live + Same Day delivery (7.2 vs. 2.7 million) – the biggest multi-platform percentage gain versus Live + Same Day ever for a FOX program over the comparable period. SCREAM QUEENS is from Ryan Murphy Television and Brad Falchuk Teley-Vision in association with 20th Century Fox Television. The series is created by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan, who also serve as writers and directors on the series. SCREAM QUEENS is executive- - See more at: http://www /scream-queens/article/%E2%80%9Cscream-queens%E2%80%9D-renewed-for-a-second-season#sthash.4APCIwxm.dpuf
ちびまる
You worship the ground Chanel Oberlin walks on. She is absolute goals. Everything she says is on point. Now she has something to say to you. Click below to generate a Chanel Oberlin insult just for you, basic bitch. - See more at:ちびまる子ちゃん 動画

Vegas while we were rolling, bruising our knees and elbows for a mile long, and people calling me a roadblock. Such a bad idea thinking I could even fit in that contraption!!ちびまる子ちゃん 817